Afghanistan’s US-trained forces appeared to readily collapse in the face of a concerted push by Taliban forces. Names and places that became familiar to Americans during their country’s long involvement there – including Kunduz and Kandahar – fell like dominoes in recent days as the Taliban swept toward the capital.

The Taliban have gained a reputation for brutality and enforcement of a harsh brand of Islamic justice in the five years they ruled until being toppled by invading US-led forces in 2001.

In the provinces they had captured before last weekend, there’s strong evidence that the Taliban of today and the Taliban of 20 years ago are not much different.

The Taliban of the past were infamous for denying education to women, carrying out public executions of their opponents, persecuting minorities, such as the Shiite Hazaras and destroying priceless ancient giant stone Buddhas at Bamiyan.

There’s no reason to think that a new Taliban regime won’t be another humanitarian eyesore, Husain Haqqani, a former Pakistani ambassador to the US, say.

So far, in the areas of the country where they have regained control, the Taliban “have been executing people summarily, they have been lashing women, they have been shutting down schools. They have been blowing up hospitals and infrastructure,” he warns.

Ronald Neumann, a former US ambassador to Afghanistan during President George W. Bush’s administration, told NPR’s Morning Edition on Friday that “thousands, probably hundreds of thousands of Afghans” who believed in the US are suddenly finding themselves the subject of Taliban reprisals. “These people have been steadily … assassinated for the last year,” he says.

The casus belli for the US-led invasion of Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks was the Taliban refusal to hand over Osama bin Laden, considered by Washington to be an international fugitive.

While in recent months several experts have weighed in, suggesting that such a concern is overwrought, there’s no guarantee that Afghanistan wouldn’t once again become a safe haven for terrorists — either those intent on doing harm to the U.S. or other foreign powers.

Speaking on NPR’s All Things Considered this past week, former US Secretary of Defence Leon Panetta offered this blunt assessment: “The Taliban are terrorists, and they’re going to support terrorists.”

“If they take control of Afghanistan, there is no question in my mind that they will provide a safe haven for al-Qaida, for ISIS and for terrorism in general,” he said. “And that constitutes, frankly, a national security threat to the United States.”

Ghulam Isaczai, Afghanistan’s representative to the United Nations, sounded a similar warning last week, saying that in “deliberate acts of barbarism, the Taliban are assisted by transnational terrorist networks.”

Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence, or ISI — the country’s equivalent of the CIA — is widely believed to have helped foster the Taliban prior to the religious movement’s 1996 takeover in Afghanistan. Pakistan’s military, in particular, has long viewed an ideologically and religiously like-minded Afghanistan as a necessary bulwark against its traditional rival, India.

But Pakistan’s long, porous border with Afghanistan has brought it as much trouble as brotherhood: For years, Pakistan housed tens of thousands of Afghan refugees in border camps such as Jalozai, placing a financial and political strain on a succession of shaky governments in Islamabad.

The Taliban in Afghanistan helped inspire the deadly Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, more commonly known simply as the Pakistani Taliban. The leaders of the two groups are reportedly at odds and don’t share common goals.

Even so, “if there is a Taliban government in Afghanistan, certainly that’s going to embolden the [Pakistani Taliban],” Madiha Afzal, the David M. Rubenstein fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, says.

Haqqani, the former ambassador who is now director for South and Central Asia at the Hudson Institute, writes in Foreign Affairs that “Islamist extremism has already divided Pakistani society along sectarian lines, and the ascendance of Afghan Islamists next door will only embolden radicals at home.”

He says that Pakistan’s “risky game” of supporting the Taliban while trying to maintain good relations with Washington “was never going to prove sustainable in the long term.”

“Pakistan has managed to kick the can down the road for a long time. Soon, however, it will reach the end of the road,” he writes.

While the Taliban’s brutal tactics on the ground in Afghanistan seem to have changed little since the 1990s, in recent weeks, its leaders have been in a full-court press to gain allies and influence abroad.

The last time the Taliban were in power, they turned Afghanistan into a virtual pariah state, isolated from the rest of the world, save for Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Those were the only governments willing to recognise them. But in recent weeks, top Taliban leaders have been on a whirlwind international tour, visiting Iran, Russia and China.

China has reportedly promised big investments in energy and infrastructure projects, including the building of a road network in Afghanistan and is also eyeing the country’s vast, untapped, rare-earth mineral deposits. And Beijing was already reportedly preparing to formally recognize the Taliban before the group seized control of the country.

Laurel Miller, the program director for Asia at the International Crisis Group, tells NPR that the Taliban are “on a campaign to secure legitimacy in the eyes of the regional countries and probably countries in the Persian Gulf.”

Earlier this past week, US envoy Zalmay Khalilzad said the US would not recognize a Taliban government that comes to power through force.

For the Taliban then, courting other countries is “a way of blunting the ability of the U.S. or others to use the threat of becoming a pariah state again … as any kind of leverage over them,” Miller says.

“The Taliban see China as a source of international legitimacy, a potential economic supporter and a means of influence over Pakistan, a Chinese ally that has aided the group,” according to The Wall Street Journal.

Meanwhile, the Taliban could be pushing China and Russia closer as the two countries seek a hedge against the potential for instability in Afghanistan. Both countries are concerned about possible “spillover” of Islamist extremism, Miller says.

Despite their Cold War animus, Beijing and Moscow last week reportedly deployed 10,000 troops, as well as planes and artillery pieces, to China’s Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as part of a joint exercise. Although the exercise was conducted far from Afghanistan, it “demonstrated the determination and ability of Russia and China to fight terrorism, and jointly protect peace and stability in the region,” according to a statement released by Russia’s Ministry of Defense.

• An NPR report