Russia’s war in Ukraine has pushed global displacement figures to record levels, the UN refugee agency said Thursday, calling the statistics a “tragic milestone.”

Over the past decade, levels of displacement have increased every year, the United Nations noted in its global trends report – with figures currently at the highest level since record keeping began. At the end of 2021, 89.3 million people were displaced, the agency said, citing war, disasters, violence, persecution and human rights abuses as some of the factors.

As of today, more than 100 million people have been forced to flee their homes – more than one per cent of humanity.

The invasion of Ukraine triggered the fastest forced-displacement crisis since World War II – which, in conjunction with other emergency situations in Afghanistan, Africa and elsewhere, “pushed the figure over the dramatic milestone,” the agency said. More than five million Ukrainian refugees have been recorded across Europe since Russia’s invasion.

Children make up almost half of the total global refugee population of the last decade, UNICEF said in a separate report early this week. A record 36.5 million children were displaced by the end of 2021 amid cascading crises, including in Afghanistan, Yemen and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Climbing trends of global displacement will continue unless the international community makes a “new, concerted push towards peacemaking,” the UN refugee agency says.

Last year, several conflicts began around the world and existing ones escalated – with about two dozen nations, home to a total of 850 million people, experiencing medium- or high-intensity conflicts, according to the World Bank. “Fragility, conflict-related fatalities, and social unrest have increased dramatically,” World Bank Group President David Malpass said in March.

On top of conflict, food scarcity, inflation and the climate crisis have exacerbated hardship and stretched the humanitarian response, the United Nations notes.

Two-thirds of refugees and displaced people came from only five countries: Syria, at 6.8 million, followed by Venezuela, Afghanistan, South Sudan and Myanmar.

Low- and middle-income countries hosted more than 80 per cent of all refugees and Venezuelans displaced abroad, the UN refugee agency said. Turkey hosted the largest refugee population worldwide – at 3.8 million – then Uganda, Pakistan and Germany. On a per capita basis, Lebanon – at 1 in 8 per capita – followed by Jordan and Turkey, hosted the largest number of refugees.

After leaving dangerous situations at home, many refugees still face conditions of precarity and vulnerability.

The World Food Programme last month warned that Syrian families living in refugee camps in Iraq were facing “alarming levels” of food insecurity. The nation hosts around 260,000 Syrian refugees, including over 95,000 in camps.

There are 2.6 million Afghan refugees globally – with 2.2 million in neighboring Iran and Pakistan alone. As part of the chaotic US withdrawal from the country last year, the Biden administration evacuated 76,000 Afghans to the United States, leaving behind thousands others who wanted to escape as the Taliban took over.

The US Afghan resettlement programme has been overwhelmed, leaving some refugees struggling, separated from family members and in limbo in trying to find a long-term path forward. Many, including a coalition of Democratic senators late last month, have criticised what they see as the government’s asymmetrical treatment of refugees from different nations.

“While the US response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis has been admirable, it is unfortunate that this welcoming and accommodating model is not the standard for all humanitarian crises, wherever they occur, whether in Haiti, throughout Central America, in Africa, the Pacific, and elsewhere,” the senators wrote.

The conflict in Ukraine has also contributed to soaring food and fuel prices around the world. From Nigeria to Yemen, the crisis is hitting developing countries particularly hard, exacerbating hunger and food shortages.

“Ripple effects of the war in Ukraine have been reverberating globally against the backdrop of a gradual and uneven economic recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic,” a UN analysis of the world’s hunger hot spots noted.

With key ports in Ukraine blocked, US and European officials have accused Russia of using food as a weapon in the conflict.

“Disruptions to the Ukrainian agricultural sector and constrained exports reduce global food supply, further increase global food prices and finally push up already high levels of domestic food price inflation,” the United Nations says.

Ukraine and Russia produce about a third of the wheat traded in global markets and about a quarter of the world’s barley, according to the Washington-based International Food Policy Research Institute.

• A Reuters report